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Barak 8

Barak 8 (Hebrew: בָּרָק, meaning "Lightning"), also known as LR-SAM or MR-SAM,123 is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed through a collaborative effort between India and Israel. Designed to protect against a wide array of airborne threats, the system can intercept and neutralize aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as well as ballistic and cruise missiles, and combat jets.45 Barak 8 is available in both maritime and land-based configurations, offering flexible defense solutions for varied operational requirements.6

The development of Barak 8 has been a joint initiative between India's Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). Production involves a number of leading defense organizations, including Israel's Directorate of Research and Development (DDR&D), Elta Systems, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, and several Indian companies such as Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems (KRAS), and Tata Advanced Systems (TASL).7

Background

Barak 8 evolved from the original Barak 1 missile system, incorporating advanced features such as an improved seeker and extended range, which place it in the category of medium-range naval defense systems comparable to the RIM-162 ESSM and the SM-2 Standard. The missile system is equipped with a radar that provides full 360-degree coverage, and it is capable of intercepting incoming threats as close as 500 meters from the defended platform. A complete Barak system—which includes missile containers, radar, computers, and installation—costs approximately $24 million.8

In parallel with Barak 8, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) developed the Barak MX system, which expands the Barak family into a multi-layered air defense platform. The Barak MX uses unified smart launchers, capable of deploying short-, medium-, and extended-range interceptors, allowing it to support both land and naval deployment architectures. Unlike Barak 8, the Barak MX’s interceptors and sensors were developed exclusively by IAI to accommodate the requirements of domestic and international users.9

Development

The joint effort to develop the long-range surface-to-air missile (LR-SAM), initially referred to as Barak-II, commenced in 2006 with an investment of ₹2,500 crore (approximately ₹80 billion or US$840 million in 2023). The primary objective was to equip the Kolkata-class destroyers of the Indian Navy, expected to enter service from 2012 onwards, with advanced air defense capabilities. The missile system was slated for delivery to the Indian Armed Forces by 2013.10

In 2010, a further contract worth ₹10,000 crore (approximately ₹250 billion or US$2.6 billion in 2023) was signed to develop a Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MR-SAM) variant for the Indian Air Force, intended to replace the legacy Pechora missile systems. Additionally, another variant, the Extended Range SAM with a 100-kilometer reach, was planned for deployment on the Visakhapatnam-class destroyers under Project 15B.10

The development process emphasized indigenous contributions, with DRDO chief V. K. Saraswat stating in July 2010 that over 70 percent of the missile’s components would be sourced from within India.11 Reports from 2017 indicated that substantial portions of the missile, including the homing system, were being developed domestically, with companies such as Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) manufacturing key components and inflight subsystems.1213

On 3 October 2024, Bharat Electronics Limited and Israel Aerospace Industries jointly established BEL IAI AeroSystems. The new joint venture will be the exclusive provider for technical and maintenance life cycle support for the MR-SAM systems in service with the Indian Armed Forces.14

Design

Barak 8 is engineered as a highly capable medium- to long-range surface-to-air missile. The missile itself measures approximately 4.5 meters in length, has a body diameter of 0.225 meters (expanding to 0.54 meters at the booster stage), and a wingspan of 0.94 meters. It weighs 275 kg, which includes a 60 kg warhead designed to detonate by proximity.15 Barak 8 can reach speeds up to Mach 2 and was originally developed for an operational range of 70 km; subsequent advancements extended the range to approximately 90 km, and later to 100 km.16175181920

The missile is equipped with a dual-pulse rocket motor and features thrust vector control, providing high maneuverability during target interception. Upon entering the terminal phase, a secondary motor is ignited, and the missile's active radar seeker is employed to acquire and home in on airborne threats. Barak 8 can engage a wide spectrum of targets, including anti-ship missiles, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, and supersonic missiles.2122

Integrated with advanced air defense networks and multi-function AESA radars such as the EL/M-2248 MF-STAR, the system enables simultaneous engagement of multiple targets, including during saturation attacks, when installed on platforms like the Kolkata-class destroyers. The missile's aerodynamic properties were characterized at India's National Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.2324

Israel Aerospace Industries describes the main features of Barak 8 as:

  • Long range engagement
  • Two-way data link (GPS S-band)
  • Active radar seeker guidance
  • 360-degree coverage
  • Smokeless propulsion
  • Thrust vector control
  • Dual-pulse propulsion
  • Vertical launch configuration
  • Multi-target simultaneous engagement
  • Point defense anti-ballistic missile capability23425

Structure

For land-based deployments, a typical firing unit or battery comprises one Combat Management System (CMS), one Mobile Power System (MPS), one advanced long-range radar, one Radar Power System (RPS), three Mobile Launcher Systems (MLS), three Reloader Vehicles (RV), a Field Service Vehicle (FSV), and associated missiles.2627 Each launcher accommodates eight missiles housed in two stacks and is launched in a canisterized format. In ship-based applications, missiles are stored in a 2×4 vertical launching system (VLS) module.28

Variants

Barak 8 Series

  • Medium Range-Surface to Air Missile (MR-SAM): The land-based version of Barak 8 is used by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. This configuration comprises a command and control system, tracking radar, the missile itself, and mobile launcher units. The MR-SAM is equipped with an advanced radio frequency (RF) seeker, offering a range of 70 km as specified by the manufacturer, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).2930

  • Long Range-Surface to Air Missile (LR-SAM): This naval version is deployed with the Indian Navy and features an enhanced range of up to 100 km. It can engage a variety of targets, including enemy missiles, fighter jets, maritime patrol aircraft, helicopters, and sea-skimming missile threats.3031 The LR-SAM suite encompasses advanced phased-array radars (such as the MF-STAR), command and control modules, 2×4 configuration launchers, and missiles fitted with advanced RF seekers.28

  • Barak-8ER: An extended-range version of the Barak 8, the Barak-8ER, is under development and aims to extend the missile's reach to 150 km. Intended for engagement of multiple threats beyond visual range, this low-signature missile is believed to maintain the Barak-8's autopilot/inertial navigation and active radar seeker, with possible modifications to software and control surfaces. The missile is lengthened to nearly 6 m at launch with the booster, but its in-flight length after booster separation may be comparable or slightly less than the base missile, depending on the presence of thrust vector control. Initial operational capability (IOC) is expected to be declared first for the naval platform, and subsequently for the land variant. The Barak-8ER is expected to interest existing Barak-8 customers looking for expanded capability.21

Barak MX

Israel Aerospace Industries' BARAK MX forms the core of its Integrated Air and Missile Defence Portfolio.

BARAK MX is designed as a network-centric system, featuring open architecture and modular design to integrate sensors, battle management, and interceptors into a unified, expandable air defense network. Multiple BARAK MX units can be interconnected, enabling shared firing assets and extending defense coverage beyond individual unit reach. The system allows for joint multi-layered defense by integrating ground-based and naval air defense systems to enhance operational synergy and deny adversary access or missile attacks.

Unlike many air-to-air missiles converted for surface-to-air use, BARAK MX interceptors are purpose-designed with optimized size and diameter specifically for surface-based engagements.

The family of BARAK MX interceptors includes:

  • BARAK MR: Medium range, 35 km, using a single-pulse rocket motor.32
  • BARAK LR (LRAD): Long range, 70 km, equipped with a dual-pulse rocket motor.33
  • BARAK ER: Extended range, 150 km, using a booster and dual-pulse configuration, with enhanced anti-tactical ballistic missile capabilities.34

Flight Tests

  • On 14 May 2010, Barak 8 (then known as LR-SAM or Barak-II) was successfully test fired in Israel against an electronic target, meeting its initial performance objectives. A subsequent test in India was planned for later that year.10
  • On 10 November 2014, Barak 8 underwent a successful test in Israel with a fully integrated system comprising both marine and land components. This was the first test simulating an operational scenario, involving detection, tracking, launch, and successful interception.3536
  • On 26 November 2015, the system was successfully tested against a fast-moving drone by the Israeli Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Lahav, establishing the extended range from 70 km to approximately 100 km.3716
  • On 29 and 30 December 2015, the Indian Navy executed successful test firings of Barak 8 LRSAM from INS Kolkata at high-speed targets during Arabian Sea exercises.38394041
INS Kolkata firing a Barak 8 LRSAM
INS Kolkata firing a Barak 8 LRSAM Indian Navy (GODL-India)
  • On 30 June 2016, a land-based version was test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur, Odisha, successfully intercepting a pilotless target aircraft. The missile scored another direct hit later that day, with all operations carried out by Indian defense teams, DRDO, and IAI.4243444546
  • On 1 July 2016, the MR-SAM variant was tested for the third time at Chandipur, achieving another successful intercept of a pilotless target.47
  • On 20 and 21 September 2016, India conducted successful tests of the LRSAM against two pilotless targets, launching from a mobile unit at ITR, Chandipur.4849
  • On 25 December 2016, Azerbaijan also successfully tested Barak 8.50
  • On 10 February 2017, Israel Aerospace Industries verified the missile's capabilities with a test at sea.5152
  • On 16 May 2017, the Indian Navy fired the MRSAM from INS Kochi. The test demonstrated full functionality, successfully tracking, engaging, and destroying the target in a coordinated process involving the MFSTAR radar and command systems.535428
  • On 29 November 2017, another successful MRSAM test firing was conducted from INS Kochi.55
INS Kochi firing a Barak-8 MRSAM variant
INS Kochi firing a Barak-8 MRSAM variant Indian Navy (GODL-India)
  • On 25 January 2019, Barak 8 LRSAM was test fired from INS Chennai, intercepting a low-altitude aerial target.56
  • On 15 May 2019, the Indian Navy employed the MRSAM in its full Joint Taskforce Coordinating (JTC) mode, involving INS Kochi and INS Chennai. The JTC configuration enabled cooperative engagement, with both ships launching missiles, but only one conducting the target engagement.57
  • On 23 November 2020, India test-fired Barak 8 from ITR at Chandipur, successfully striking a Banshee UAV mid-air, with the event comprehensively monitored by radars and electro-optical instruments.58
  • On 22 March 2021, IAI successfully test fired the BARAK MX's ER (extended range) interceptor, demonstrating a 150 km reach and 30 km operational altitude.
  • On 27 March 2022, DRDO conducted two successful flight tests of the Indian Army's MRSAM version at ITR Chandipur, targeting both medium-altitude long-range and low-altitude short-range threats.59
  • On 30 March 2022, two more successful launches were conducted, confirming the system's reliability and performance across a spectrum of engagement scenarios, including sea-skimming and high-altitude targets, marking the completion of development trials for Barak 8.606162
  • In November 2022, BARAK MX was successfully tested from an Israeli Sa'ar 6-class corvette for the first time.63
  • On 3 and 4 April 2025, four successful operational flight tests of MRSAM for the Indian Army were conducted from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. These demonstrated direct hits against high-speed aerial threats at various ranges and altitudes, validating the operational readiness for deployment in the Eastern and Southern Commands.64
  • On 24 April 2025, INS Surat conducted an MRSAM test in the Arabian Sea, intercepting a sea-skimming target through cooperative engagement and precision targeting.65

Deployment in India

Orders

  • 2006: Development contract and order, worth ₹2,500 crore (equivalent to ₹80 billion or US$840 million in 2023), for LR-SAM (then, Barak-II) for the Indian Navy's Kolkata-class destroyer.10
  • February 2009: Israel signed a $1.1 billion (₹10,000 crore, or US$2.6 billion in 2023) contract to supply an upgraded Barak 8 air defense system to India for the MR-SAM configuration, with deliveries expected by 2017.6667 The order included purchase of 18 firing units (9 squadrons) of MRSAMs for the Indian Air Force along with 450 missiles and included full system development costs.686931
  • February 2017: The Cabinet Committee on Security, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved procurement of the MR-SAM system for the Indian Army, valued around ₹17,000 crore (US$2.5 billion in 2023). The procurement included five regiments (8 firing units each) with 40 firing units and 200 missiles. Deployment was expected by 2023. In April 2017, the $1.6 billion order was placed by the Indian Army, marking the largest single purchase in IAI’s history. The order also supplied missiles for the Navy's INS Vikrant.1270716872
  • On 21 May 2017, IAI received a $630 million order from the Indian Navy to equip four Visakhapatnam-class destroyers with the LR-SAM system, in partnership with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). The system was already operational with the Indian Air Force and Navy.287374
  • On 5 September 2018, Bharat Electronics secured a ₹9,200 crore (US$1.3 billion in 2023) contract to provide seven Barak-8 LR-SAM air defence systems for the Nilgiri-class frigates; in October 2018, BEL and Israel Aerospace Industries finalized a $777 million contract to deliver these systems.7576
  • In January 2019, the Indian Navy, Cochin Shipyard, and IAI concluded a ₹6,800 crore (US$880 million in 2023) agreement covering LR-SAM armament for INS Vikrant as well as maintenance and support for various MRSAM sub-systems.2769
  • In July 2019, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems contracted Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems (KRAS) for $100 million to manufacture 1,000 MR-SAM missile kits for Indian Army and Air Force orders. The first batch was delivered to BDL on 16 March 2021.77787980
  • On 16 January 2025, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract with BDL for supply of over 70 MRSAM missiles for the Indian Navy, at a contract value of ₹2,960 crore (US$310 million).8182
  • The Defence Acquisition Council subsequently cleared procurement of over 700 MRSAM missiles, with total value expected at ₹30,000 crore (US$3.1 billion).8384

Production

Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) serves as the lead missile integrator for Indian Armed Forces’ Barak 8 orders. Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems (KRAS), a joint venture between Kalyani Group and Rafael, produces components in Hyderabad, with final integration carried out at BDL. Tata Advanced Systems supplies the Combat Management System.77787980 To support this, BDL invested $100 million in a new Hyderabad facility to manufacture up to 100 missiles annually. Several other industry partners, including Rafael, Elta, Larsen & Toubro, and Bharat Electronics, contribute to manufacturing and developing system components.31

Deployment

By December 2015, Barak 8 missile systems were deployed aboard both Kolkata-class and Visakhapatnam-class destroyers of the Indian Navy.39

On 9 September 2021, the first Firing Unit was delivered to the Indian Air Force, leading to the operationalization of the first MRSAM Squadron at Jaisalmer Air Force Station in the presence of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. Plans were reported for the IAF to acquire nine MRSAM squadrons, consisting of 24 firing units and a total inventory of 2,000 missiles.26858627

In February 2023, the Indian Army raised its first MRSAM regiment, operationally named the Abhra Weapon System, with XXXIII Corps under Eastern Command.8287 Additional MRSAM squadrons, including at Adampur Air Force Station, have been deployed, and the system was prominently displayed during India's 2024 Republic Day Parade. The Army variant features launchers and EL/M-2084 radars mounted on Tata LPTA 3138 8x8 heavy mobility vehicles.888689

Service History

According to Middle East Eye, an unnamed official reported that a Barak 8 air defense system, operated by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, intercepted a 9K720 Iskander missile launched by Armenia towards Baku during the closing stages of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This incident was said to have influenced Azerbaijan’s decision to accept a ceasefire.90 However, the use of Iskander missiles by Armenia during the war remains disputed: Armenia's alleged firing was reported on social media, but the Russian Defense Ministry stated Armenia had not launched any Iskanders, and Azerbaijan also claimed it did not detect any such launches.91

On 2 July 2022, BARAK MX missiles fired from the Israeli Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Eilat successfully shot down two Hezbollah reconnaissance UAVs over the Karish gas field in the Mediterranean Sea.92

During the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict, Indian media reported that the MRSAM system intercepted Pakistani Fatah-2 rockets over Sirsa, Haryana.939495 The squadron tasked with this defense was based at Sirsa Air Force Station, where Air Commodore Rohit Kapil, the commanding officer of 45 Wing, received the Yudh Seva Medal on 14 August 2025 for his role in the interception.9697

Operators

Map with Barak 8 operators in blue  Current operators  Future Users
Map with Barak 8 operators in blue  Current operators  Future Users LakhnawiNawab (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Current Operators

  • Azerbaijan: Acquired 12 Barak 8 missile systems and 75 missiles.9899100
  • Cyprus: Operates the Barak MX air defense missile system.101102
  • Colombia: Purchased the Barak MX system in 2022, with the first battery delivered in December 2025 and three additional batteries scheduled for 2026 delivery.103104
  • India:
    • Indian Army: Five regiments are on order, including the Abhra regiment under XXXIII Corps.
    • Indian Air Force: Nine squadrons are on order, including:
      • MRSAM squadron, 41 Wing, Jaisalmer AFS
      • MRSAM squadron, 8 Wing, Adampur AFS
      • MRSAM squadron, 45 Wing, Sirsa AFS96
    • Indian Navy: Deployed on various platforms, including:
      • INS Vikrant
      • Kolkata-class destroyer
      • Visakhapatnam-class destroyer
      • Nilgiri-class frigate
  • Israel: BARAK MX, operational and combat-tested, is utilized by both the Israeli Air Force and Navy. It was formally introduced during Operation Rising Lion as Israel’s first multi-domain air and missile defense system, deployed in both naval and ground-based versions.105
  • Morocco: Signed a $500 million contract for Barak MX systems in February 2022, with initial deliveries taking place in mid-2023.106107
  • Slovakia: €560 million deal signed for Barak MX; the first battery was delivered in April 2026.108

Future Operators

  • Greece: A contract with Israel Aerospace Industries and private Greek firms will establish an anti-missile network known as the "Hellenic Lightning Shield" using the Barak MX system.109
  • Netherlands: Announced the purchase of Barak-ER for the Koninklijke Marine’s Multifunctional Support Ships.110
  • Thailand: The Royal Thai Air Force signed a $107 million contract for the acquisition of a BARAK MX battery to augment Thailand’s integrated air and missile defense capability.111

Potential Operators

  • Saudi Arabia112
  • United Arab Emirates113
  • Vietnam114

See also

  • Akash
  • Akash-NG
  • Aster
  • Barak 1
  • Bavar-373
  • CAMM
  • HİSAR
  • HQ-9
  • Khordad 15
  • MIM-104 Patriot
  • Project Kusha
  • Anant Shastra
  • Ra'ad
  • RIM-174 Standard ERAM
  • RIM-66 Standard
  • RIM-67 Standard
  • Sayyad-4
  • Tor missile system
  • VL-SRSAM

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